Perspectives:

This workshop aims at integrative bio-psychological approaches toward understanding of human beings in terms of their “sunny sides” of intelligence. Particular attentions will be paid to two domains: Mathematics and large-scale Cooperation. To address these topics, we will adopt traditional strategy of ethology, that is the “Tinbergenfs four questions.” Through understanding of evolution, development, function and mechanism, we would expect to gain comprehensive views.

People often say that mathematics is the Queen of sciences. Actually, numerical accountings could underlie our reasoning in many aspects. However, biology / psychology could predate instead, and mathematical thinking could originate from ancestral mental representation of magnitudes. Questions are therefore, how our sense of number is shared among animals of diverse phylogeny and how it is formed.

In the morning session 1, Giorgio Vallortigara (Univ Trento, Italy) will tell us how newly hatched domestic chicks count number and do arithmetic, stressing the core knowledge systems shared by animals and humans. Elisabeth Brannon (Duke Univ, USA) will tell us how 6 months old human infants sense numbers, suggesting the non-verbal origins of number representations. Tetsuro Matsuzawa (Kyoto Univ, Japan) will tell us how chimpanzees form working memory of numerical order, and discuss why they often predominate humans. Shinsuke Shimojo (Cal Tech, USA) is expected to give comments on these topical talks, addressing the underlying perceptive mechanisms of modality-independent sense of time and frequency.

Similarly, the order of human social life is characterized by large-scale cooperation which is often reflected in our sense of justice, or empathetic concern that accommodates morality. The cooperation has dynamics that is often shared among diverse cultures, thus could also have bio-psychological basis. Such collective behaviors could emerge through interactions of individuals which have only short-sighted egocentric behavioral rules.

In the afternoon session 2, Shinya Yamamoto (Kobe Univ, Japan) will tell us how helping behavior and its cognition evolved based on empirical studies with chimpanzees and bonobos. Naoki Masuda (Univ Bristol, UK) will tell us how large-scale cooperation among non-kin members may be evolutionarily stable using a game-theoretic model. Tatsuya Kameda (Hokkaido Univ, Japan) will tell us how empathic concern may shape our sense of justice in distribution of resources among non-kin. Commentaries by Michael Platt (Duke Univ, USA) on these three topics are expected to address the link between the neural mechanisms and the evolution of large-scale cooperation.

Acknowledgement: This workshop is supported by the Japanese Society of Social Psychology (Prof T. Kameda, organizing committee of the 55th annual meeting), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (MEXT Japan) for “Elucidation of the Neural Computation for Prediction and Decision Making” (Prof K. Doya @ OIST), for “Evolutionary Origin and Neural Basis of the Empathic Systems” (Prof T. Hasegawa @ University of Tokyo), “The Science of Mental Time” (Prof S. Kitazawa @ Osaka University). Supports from the Hokkaido University are also to be acknowledged.